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Today, in this ultra modern world, the role of media and particularly of print media has been augmenting day by day. It has been serving as a vigilant watchdog of India. Print Media has created an awareness among the people regarding their rights and duties. Print Media has been nicknamed as ‘News Monger’ or the Fourth Estate. We can update ourselves just by going through the morning newspaper, getting each and every kind of news from every nook and comer of the world. It is due to the effect of the Print media that people associated with robberies, thefts, murders, rapes, drugs and alcoholism are working in an apprehension of being caught and recognized. They are now constantly under fear of being caught by the law enforcing agencies. There has been a worldwide growth of the print media even after the emergence of the electronic media. There has been an increase in the circulation of newspapers around the world even after the emergence of electronic media and the internet. The ...

In India, the Khilafat Movement and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre brought Mahatma Gandhi into prominence. His non-cooperation campaigns of 1921, his Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and finally his ‘Quit India’ movement in 1942 along with the developments back home forced the British to grant  independence and sovereignty to India. In this process, not a single action using force and violence can he cited which Gandhiji or one of his millions of followers indulged in. The splinter groups in the Indian National Congress who did not agree on this method of achieving independence and thought violence to be the only method leading to the country’s freedom broke away from Gandhiji and the Congress, but Gandhiji did not compromise his ideals at the expense of expediency. For him the end justified the means and since the end of India’s independence was something noble and unique, it had to be achieved through noble and peaceful means. Gandhiji was basically a social reformer who spiritualised...

India is a vast peninsula with a total land area of about 33 million square kilometres, a population exceeding 122 crores. India's social structure is a unique blend of religions, cultures and racial groups. The history of India is a long long history. India was known as Bharatavasha which stretched from Hemalayan to sea. With the gradual march of time India bore the brunt of foreign invasions. The Persian, Greeks, Kushans, Indo-Greeks, Hunas, Muslims and the British occupied this land.The left the foot-prints of their culture on the sands of time.Indian culture absorbed all the influences and reflected its own uniqueness. Origin of Indian Society Our land, which is known today as 'Bharat' or 'India' was regarded as Bharatavarsha in the past. It was named after 'Bharata' the mighty legendaryhero and son of king Yushmanta and queen Shakuntala. The persians and the Greeks extended their sway upto river Indus or Sindhu. Since persians pronounced the ...

Introduction Social scientists should give no policy advice, but should rather point out, publicly, the shortcomings of policies- Morton A. Kaplan [and Philip Green] et al., Strategic Thinking and its Moral Implications, University of Chicago Center for Policy Study, 1973, p.67. Social defence in common parlance means the protection of society against crime through a systematically organized and coherent action by both the State, civil society people’s group. Though this term has long been in use in the criminological and penological literature, the modes and modalities of achieving its inherent objective have been shifting with the advancement in social sciences and behavioural disciplines.  Even today, because of the complexity of issues involved, it has not been possible to evolve a wholly satisfactory theoretical framework for policy formulation and programme development in this field.   Whereas the initial interpretation of the notion of social defence implied ...